We’ve summarised the results of prestigious rankings to show you which programming languages and job positions are most relevant on the market. We will briefly describe their advantages and show you how much a programmer earns on average.
It’s versatile, simple, and it has an ecosystem of libraries that cover almost all areas of use. This is also why Python was ranked the most popular programming language in the September edition of the TIOBE Programming Community Index. C++ and C ranked second and third.
Both are typically used in systems programming, with C favoured by application programmers and C++ preferred by game programmers. While C syntax is similar to other popular languages, which will certainly please novice developers, C++ can be more challenging to learn.
The final five include classics Java and C#. Java is referred to as a WORA language (Write Once, Run Anywhere). It’s very common today because it can be used to create customised applications that are lightweight and fast. C#, which is used in game, application, and web programming, is similar to Java and C.
JavaScript, Visual Basic and Go also made it into the top ten in the index. Last year, JavaScript was named the most commonly used programming language in the world. Visual Basic, developed by Microsoft, is easy to learn and enables quick code writing. It is used to create prototypes of applications that are later written in a more complex and efficient language. Go, on the other hand, is seen by many as well-structured, consistent, and powerful, which is why many programmers use it in cloud computing, website development, and even data science.
What changed this year is the move of Delphi/Object Pascal and Perl to ninth and tenth place. Object Pascal is an object-oriented programming language derived from Pascal. It was created by Apple developers and is often used with the Delphi compiler. The main advantage of Perl, an open source language that was ranked 27th exactly a year ago, is text processing and its great compatibility with Unix. The CEO of the index, Paul Jansen, estimates that Perl shot up this high because there are so many books about it on Amazon.com — four times more than for PHP, and seven times more books than for Rust.
The September PyPL PopularitY of Programming Language Index also yielded similar results. It ranked Python as the most popular programming language worldwide, followed by Java and C/C++, whose score has increased the most over the last 5 years. JavaScript and R — a flexible programming language used primarily for statistical analysis, data visualisation, and data science, also made it into the top five.
This year, full-stack web developers, back-end developers and students participated the most in the developer survey called Stack Overflow. This yielded results that were significantly different from the TIOBE and PyPL Index.
Over 49,000 developers from 177 countries have named JavaScript the most popular language because it is simple, versatile, and has strong community support. It has held the top spot in the rankings since its first release (with the exception of two years).
Like last year, HTML/CSS is in second place. While HTML provides the structure of a website, CSS is primarily used to create its responsive design. SQL represents the foundation of the database world, which is what earned it third place.
Fourth place goes to Python, whose use has expanded significantly. It has grown by 7 percentage points since last year, confirming its ability to become the language of choice for AI, data science, and back-end development. Interestingly, Python developers would like to use Rust and Go for programming high-performance systems.
The top five is rounded off by Bash/Shell, also known by its full name Bourne Again Shell. This is the default shell for many Linux distributions; it was standard on macOS until Catalina, and it even works on Windows via the Windows Subsystem for Linux. This time, PowerShell, which is commonly used to automate system administration on Windows, Linux, and macOS, also made it into the top ten of the ranking.
Just like last year, Rust was voted the most admired language in the current Stack Overflow survey, receiving a score of 72%. One reason for this may be the fact that it has a vibrant and friendly community — there are several channels where a programmer can find support, and there are multiple conferences held around the world. Furthermore, thanks to conscious design decisions in the areas of backward compatibility and stability, it was designed for up to another 40 years.
However, the surprise named Gleam is slowly catching up to Rust. This is a language that combines the reliability of the Erlang VM platform with the user-friendliness of Elm and Rust. It is designed for building robust systems, server applications and APIs that must be up and running at all times with no issues.
Elixir and Zig took third and fourth place. As a very robust programming language, Elixir combines the efficiency of Ruby and the runtime features of Erlang. This enables the creation of low-latency programmes and systems. Zig’s success can be explained by the fact that its compatibility with C code bases facilitates its integration into existing projects, making it a great choice for systems programming, game development, embedded systems and scripting.
The last place in the top five most admired languages was taken by TypeScript. As a superset of JavaScript, it provides instant code checking during compilation, allowing JavaScript to be used in a much safer way. IT specialists examine the code. Python developers would like to use Rust and Go for programming high-performance systems.
Globally, senior company leaders (C-level managers, vice presidents, etc.) have the highest median annual salaries, namely $139,218. Engineering Managers came second, earning $130,000, and financial analysts or engineers took third place with $103,757. Other jobs that ranked in the top five highest median annual salaries are Cloud Infrastructure Engineer and Solutions Architect or Software Architect.
The Stack Overflow survey also points to a wide pay gap between the US and other countries, which can be seen in higher-paying positions. While an Engineering Manager in the US has a median salary of $200,000, in Germany he will earn $118,000, and just $52,000 in India.
The ranking also offered some slightly surprising findings. Despite similar levels of experience (20 years on average), Senior Business Leaders and Engineering Managers have higher median salaries ($130,000+) than business owners, architects, or product managers ($92,000 to $104,000).
Below is an overview of selected jobs and their median salaries:
Would you like to learn more about how much a programmer earns? Well, last year Stack Overflow also published a worldwide survey of average salaries associated with individual languages. If you’re a fan of Ruby, the salary you can expect based on the results is $90,221. A C# developer earns $66,066, and a C++ developer gets $64,444. If you work with Java, you can expect a salary of $61,714, but if you plan to work as a PHP programmer, the expected salary is $49,586.
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